Perkembangan Produksi, Ekspor dan Tantangan Ketentuan Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) Terhadap Pisang dan Nanas Asal Indonesia ke Pasar Ekspor

Abstract

Agricultural trade is a key sector in Indonesia’s trade. One of the agricultural export subsectors is horticulture. The increase in Indonesia’s banana exports is part of the promotion of fresh fruits. Banana exports face a number of challenges, primarily related to meeting food safety standards in export destination countries. The objective of this study is to identify and describe non-tariff measures—specifically sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBT)—that restrict Indonesian banana exports in destination markets. The analytical method involves tracing and describing regulatory provisions governing the application of SPS and TBT measures to Indonesian banana exports. Research findings indicate that regulations in export destination countries regarding SPS and TBT provisions increased in terms of the number of items from 2014 to 2022 in export destination markets. Middle Eastern countries tightened the enforcement of SPS and TBT provisions on bananas, although during the same period they generally did not impose import tariff barriers. Indonesia’s banana export markets in East Asia have also implemented stricter SPS and TBT regulations—particularly China and South Korea—in addition to import tariffs ranging from 10% to 30%. In contrast, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore have implemented more lenient SPS and TBT regulations compared to other banana export destination countries. The SPS and TBT measures on pineapples from Indonesia is more lenient in and Japan, but stricter in ASEAN markets South Korea and Middle Eastern countries.